2025-03-02 11:38:09 +08:00
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<h2><center>Nginx匹配</center></h2>
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------
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## 一:Location匹配
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### 1. location简介
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location 指令是 nginx 中最关键的指令之一,location 指令的功能是用来匹配不同的 URI 请求,进而对请求做不同的处理和响应。
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### 2. location语法
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```nginx
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Nginx 的 HTTP 配置主要包括三个区块,结构如下:
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http { # 这个是协议级别
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include mime.types;
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default_type application/octet-stream;
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keepalive_timeout 65;
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gzip on;
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server { # 这个是服务器级别
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listen 80;
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server_name localhost;
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location / { # 这个是请求级别
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root html;
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index index.html index.htm;
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}
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location ~ \.(html|jpg)$ {
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root /web;
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}
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}
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}
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浏览器-->地址栏-->URI -->http:// --> 主机:80 -->http协议块的配置 --> server --> location -->页面内容-->返回客户端浏览器
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```
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```nginx
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location 区段
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- location 是在 server 块中配置,根据不同的 URI 使用不同的配置,来处理不同的请求。
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- location 是有顺序的,会根据不同请求配置的优先级来匹配的location 处理。
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基本语法如下:
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location [=|~|~*|^~|@] pattern{……}
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```
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### 3. location前缀含义
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```nginx
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= 表示精确匹配,优先级也是最高的
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^~ 表示uri以某个常规字符串开头,理解为匹配url路径即可
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~ 表示区分大小写的正则匹配
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~* 表示不区分大小写的正则匹配
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!~ 表示区分大小写不匹配的正则
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!~* 表示不区分大小写不匹配的正则
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/ 通用匹配,任何请求都会匹配到
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@ 内部服务跳转
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```
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### 4. 查找顺序和优先级
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```nginx
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= 大于 ^~ 大于 ~|~* 大于 !~|!~* 大于 /
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多个location配置的情况下匹配顺序为:首先匹配 =,其次匹配^~, 其次是按正则匹配,最后是交给 / 通用匹配。当有匹配成功时候,停止匹配,按当前匹配规则处理请求。
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Named Location (location @): 使用@符号定义的命名位置块不匹配URI前缀,而是根据具体的用途或配置定义来执行内部重定向。它们通常不与请求URI的前缀直接匹配,因此不涉及前缀匹配的优先级。
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```
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### 5. 配置实例
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1. 没有修饰符 表示:必须以指定模式开始
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```bash
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[root@test ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/test.conf
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server {
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listen 80;
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server_name 192.168.159.130;
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location / {
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root /usr/share/nginx/web;
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index index.html index.htm;
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}
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location /abc {
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alias /usr/share/nginx/web/a.html;
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}
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}
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测试:
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[root@test ~]# curl http://192.168.159.130
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web1
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[root@test ~]# curl http://192.168.159.130/abc
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web2
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```
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2. =表示:必须与指定的模式精确匹配
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```bash
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[root@test ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/test.conf
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server {
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listen 80;
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server_name 192.168.159.130;
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location / {
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root /usr/share/nginx/web;
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index index.html index.htm;
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}
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location = / {
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root /usr/share/nginx/web;
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index index.html index.htm;
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}
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}
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测试:
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[root@test ~]# curl http://192.168.159.130/
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/
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[root@test ~]# curl http://192.168.159.130/a.html
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= /
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```
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3. ~ 表示:指定的正则表达式要区分大小写
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```bash
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[root@test ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/test.conf
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server {
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listen 80;
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server_name 192.168.159.130;
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location ~ \.(html|jpg|png|js|css|gif|bmp|jpeg)$ {
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root /usr/share/nginx/web;
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index index.html index.htm;
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expires 1d; #为客户端设置静态资源缓存时间
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}
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}
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测试:
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[root@test ~]# curl 192.168.159.130:80/index.html
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web1
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```
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4. ~* 表示:指定的正则表达式不区分大小写
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```bash
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[root@test ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/test.conf
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server {
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listen 80;
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server_name 192.168.159.130;
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location ~* \.(HTML|css)$ {
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root /usr/share/nginx/web;
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index index.html index.htm;
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}
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}
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[root@test ~]# curl http://192.168.159.130/a.html
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= /
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```
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5. ^~ :类似于无修饰符的行为,也是以指定模式开始,不同的是,如果模式匹配,那么就停止搜索其他模式了
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```bash
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```
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### 6. 案例
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2025-03-10 19:28:25 +08:00
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2025-03-02 11:38:09 +08:00
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2025-03-10 19:28:25 +08:00
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2025-03-02 11:38:09 +08:00
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### 7. echo模块
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获取nginx的安装版本:
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```bash
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[root@test ~]# nginx -v
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```
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下载一个相同版本的nginx包,并解压
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```bash
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[root@test ~]# wget https://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.16.0.tar.gz
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[root@test ~]# tar xzf nginx-1.16.0.tar.gz -C /usr/local/
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```
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下载echo模块的安装包,并解压到指定位置
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```bash
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[root@test ~]# wget https://github.com/openresty/echo-nginx-module/archive/v0.61.tar.gz
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[root@test ~]# tar xzf v0.61.tar.gz -C /usr/local/
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```
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安装编译所需软件:
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```bash
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[root@test ~]# yum install -y pcre* openssl* gcc gcc-c++ make
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```
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获取源nginx的配置:
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```bash
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[root@test ~]# nginx -V
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```
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添加上原来已经有的参数和新添加的模块:
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```bash
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[root@test ~]# ./configure --prefix=/etc/nginx --sbin-path=/usr/sbin/nginx --modules-path=/usr/lib64/nginx/modules --conf-path=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf --error-log-path=/var/log/nginx/error.log --http-log-path=/var/log/nginx/access.log --pid-path=/var/run/nginx.pid --lock-path=/var/run/nginx.lock --http-client-body-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/client_temp --http-proxy-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/proxy_temp --http-fastcgi-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/fastcgi_temp --http-uwsgi-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/uwsgi_temp --http-scgi-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/scgi_temp --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-compat --with-file-aio --with-threads --with-http_addition_module --with-http_auth_request_module --with-http_dav_module --with-http_flv_module --with-http_gunzip_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-http_mp4_module --with-http_random_index_module --with-http_realip_module --with-http_secure_link_module --with-http_slice_module --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_sub_module --with-http_v2_module --with-mail --with-mail_ssl_module --with-stream --with-stream_realip_module --with-stream_ssl_module --with-stream_ssl_preread_module --add-module=/usr/local/echo-nginx-module-0.61
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```
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重新编译:
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```bash
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[root@test ~]# make
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```
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将原来的nignx备份:
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```bash
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[root@test ~]# mv /usr/sbin/nginx /usr/sbin/nginx_bak
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[root@test ~]# cp objs/nginx /usr/sbin/
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```
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重新启动:
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```bash
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[root@test ~]# systemctl restart nginx
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```
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使用echo:
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```bash
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配置 $foo=hello
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[root@test ~]# cd /etc/nginx/conf.d/
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[root@test conf.d]# vim echo.conf
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server {
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listen 80;
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server_name localhost;
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location /test {
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set $foo hello;
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echo "foo: $foo";
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}
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}
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[root@test conf.d]# nginx -s reload
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[root@test conf.d]# curl localhost/test
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foo: hello
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```
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### 8. alias和root
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- alias 是一个目录别名的定义
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- root 则是最上层目录的定义
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还有一个重要的区别是alias后面必须要用“/”结束,否则会找不到文件的,而root则可有可无。
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```shell
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location /img/ {
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alias /var/www/image/;
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}
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```
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若按照上述配置的话,则访问/img/目录里面的文件时,ningx会自动去/var/www/image/目录找文件。
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```shell
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location /img/ {
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root /var/www/image;
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}
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```
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若按照这种配置的话,则访问/img/目录下的文件时,nginx会去/var/www/image/img/目录下找文件。
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