492 lines
14 KiB
Markdown
492 lines
14 KiB
Markdown
<h2><center>存储管理</center></h2>
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------
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## 一：基本分区
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### 1. 分区方式
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- MBR分区：主引导记录（MBR，Master Boot Record）
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1. 支持最大的磁盘容量 < 2TB，
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- GPT分区：全局唯一标识分区表（GUID Partition Table）
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### 2. 创建分区
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**MBR 分区方式**
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工具：`fdisk`
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```bash
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# 查看磁盘列表
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[root@wxin ~]# fdisk -l
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# 创建分区：
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[root@wxin ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb # 启动分区工具
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命令(输入 m 获取帮助)：n # 新建分区
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Partition type:
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p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free) # 主分区
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e extended # 扩展分区
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Select (default p): p # 选择主分区
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分区号 (1-4，默认 1)： # 默认回车
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起始 扇区 (2048-10485759，默认为 2048)： # 默认回车
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将使用默认值 2048
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Last 扇区, +扇区 or +size{K,M,G} (2048-10485759，默认为 10485759)：+1G # 输入分区大小
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分区 1 已设置为 Linux 类型，大小设为 1 GiB
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命令(输入 m 获取帮助)：w # 保存分区信息
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The partition table has been altered!
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Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
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正在同步磁盘。
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[root@wxin ~]# partprobe /dev/sdb # 刷新分区表
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[root@wxin ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb # 查看分区结果
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磁盘 /dev/sdb：5368 MB, 5368709120 字节，10485760 个扇区
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Units = 扇区 of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
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扇区大小(逻辑/物理)：512 字节 / 512 字节
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I/O 大小(最小/最佳)：512 字节 / 512 字节
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磁盘标签类型：dos
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磁盘标识符：0x7ebdf7b5
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设备 Boot Start End Blocks Id System
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/dev/sdb1 2048 2099199 1048576 83 Linux
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常用命令：
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n - 创建新分区
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d - 删除分区
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p - 查看分区表
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t - 修改分区类型（例如将分区设为Linux swap的82）
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w - 保存并退出
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```
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**GPT 分区方式**
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工具：gdisk
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```bash
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[root@wxin ~]# gdisk /dev/sdc # 启动分区工具
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Command (? for help): n # 创建新分区
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Partition number (1-128, default 1): # 默认回车
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First sector (34-10485726, default = 2048) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: # 默认回车
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Last sector (2048-10485726, default = 10485726) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: +2G # 输入磁盘大小
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Current type is 'Linux filesystem'
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Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300): # 默认回车
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Changed type of partition to 'Linux filesystem'
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Command (? for help): p # 查看磁盘信息
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Disk /dev/sdc: 10485760 sectors, 5.0 GiB
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Logical sector size: 512 bytes
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Disk identifier (GUID): 33461B34-CB6D-4B38-B148-E2FC057F30BF
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Partition table holds up to 128 entries
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First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 10485726
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Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
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Total free space is 6291389 sectors (3.0 GiB)
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Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name
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1 2048 4196351 2.0 GiB 8300 Linux filesystem
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Command (? for help): w # 保存分区信息
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Final checks complete. About to write GPT data. THIS WILL OVERWRITE EXISTING
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PARTITIONS!!
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Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): y
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OK; writing new GUID partition table (GPT) to /dev/sdc.
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The operation has completed successfully.
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[root@wxin ~]# partprobe /dev/sdc # 刷新分区表
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常用命令：
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n - 新建分区
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w - 保存退出
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```
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### 3. 格式化与挂载分区
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**格式化分区**
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```bash
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# 格式化为xfs（CentOS 7默认）
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[root@wxin ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb1
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meta-data=/dev/sdb1 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=65536 blks
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= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
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= crc=1 finobt=0, sparse=0
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data = bsize=4096 blocks=262144, imaxpct=25
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= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
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naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
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log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2
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= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
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realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
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# 格式化为ext4
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[root@wxin ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb2
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mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
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文件系统标签=
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OS type: Linux
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块大小=4096 (log=2)
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分块大小=4096 (log=2)
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Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
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65536 inodes, 262144 blocks
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13107 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
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第一个数据块=0
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Maximum filesystem blocks=268435456
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8 block groups
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32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
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8192 inodes per group
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Superblock backups stored on blocks:
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32768, 98304, 163840, 229376
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Allocating group tables: 完成
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正在写入inode表: 完成
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Creating journal (8192 blocks): 完成
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Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成
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```
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**手动挂载分区**
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```bash
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# 创建挂载点目录
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[root@wxin ~]# mkdir /mnt/sdb1
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# 临时挂载
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[root@wxin ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/sdb1
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# 卸载分区
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[root@wxin ~]# umount /mnt/sdb1
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```
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**永久挂载**
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获取分区的UUID：
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```bash
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[root@wxin ~]# blkid /dev/sdb1
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/dev/sdb1: UUID="52cd25d2-fc4f-4c9a-a9ab-18c86391f8ce" TYPE="xfs"
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```
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编辑`/etc/fstab`，添加以下行：
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```bash
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[root@wxin ~]# vim /etc/fstab
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UUID=52cd25d2-fc4f-4c9a-a9ab-18c86391f8ce /mnt/sdb1 xfs defaults 0 0
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```
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应用配置：
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```bash
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[root@wxin ~]# mount -a
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```
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## 二：逻辑卷 LVM
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**逻辑卷管理（Logical Volume Manager, LVM）** 是一种灵活的存储管理方式，允许动态调整磁盘空间、合并多个物理磁盘的容量，并支持快照和卷扩展等高级功能。
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### 1. LVM 核心概念
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**术语：**
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- 物理卷（PV，Physical Volume）：物理磁盘或分区（如：`/dev/sdb1`），需初始化为 LVM 可用的物理卷。
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- 卷组（VG，Volume Group）：有多个物理卷（PV）组成的存储池，VG 的容量是所有 PV 的总合。
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- 逻辑卷（LV，Logical Volume）：从卷组（VG）中划分的逻辑存储单元，可动态调整大小，类似传统分区。
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- 物理扩展（PE，Physical Extent）：LVM 管理的最小存储单元（默认 4MB），用于分配和扩展逻辑卷。
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### 2. LVM 基本操作
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**创建逻辑卷**
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```bash
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# 初始化物理卷（将分区或磁盘设为PV）
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[root@wxin ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdb4
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# 查看物理卷
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[root@wxin ~]# pvs
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PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
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/dev/sdb4 lvm2 --- <2.00g <2.00g
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[root@wxin ~]# pvscan
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PV /dev/sda2 VG centos lvm2 [<19.00 GiB / 0 free]
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PV /dev/sdb4 lvm2 [<2.00 GiB]
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Total: 2 [<21.00 GiB] / in use: 1 [<19.00 GiB] / in no VG: 1 [<2.00 GiB]
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[root@wxin ~]# pvdisplay
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"/dev/sdb4" is a new physical volume of "<2.00 GiB"
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--- NEW Physical volume ---
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PV Name /dev/sdb4
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VG Name
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PV Size <2.00 GiB
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Allocatable NO
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PE Size 0
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Total PE 0
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Free PE 0
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Allocated PE 0
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PV UUID VENObl-2fk8-vQf3-3xyE-aNJK-I5LZ-RHX7iC
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# 创建卷组（VG），将PV加入VG
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[root@wxin ~]# vgcreate vg /dev/sdb4
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Volume group "vg" successfully created
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# 查看卷组
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[root@wxin ~]# vgs
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VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
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vg 1 0 0 wz--n- <2.00g <2.00g
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[root@wxin ~]# vgscan
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Reading volume groups from cache.
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Found volume group "vg" using metadata type lvm2
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[root@wxin ~]# vgdisplay
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--- Volume group ---
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VG Name vg
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System ID
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Format lvm2
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Metadata Areas 1
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Metadata Sequence No 1
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VG Access read/write
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VG Status resizable
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MAX LV 0
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Cur LV 0
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Open LV 0
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Max PV 0
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Cur PV 1
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Act PV 1
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VG Size <2.00 GiB
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PE Size 4.00 MiB
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Total PE 511
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Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0
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Free PE / Size 511 / <2.00 GiB
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VG UUID ahZ9N2-U8vr-fX8R-n9Xl-bPVe-kQmo-o7E2uP
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# 从VG中创建逻辑卷（LV）
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[root@wxin ~]# lvcreate -n lv -L 1G vg
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Logical volume "lv" created.
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# 或使用剩余所有空间：
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[root@wxin ~]# lvcreate -n lv2 -l 100%Free vg
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Logical volume "lv2" created.
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# 查看逻辑卷
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[root@wxin ~]# lvs
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LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
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lv vg -wi-a----- 1.00g
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lv2 vg -wi-a----- 1020.00m
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[root@wxin ~]# lvscan
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ACTIVE '/dev/vg/lv' [1.00 GiB] inherit
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ACTIVE '/dev/vg/lv2' [1020.00 MiB] inherit
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[root@wxin ~]# lvdisplay
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--- Logical volume ---
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LV Path /dev/vg/lv
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LV Name lv
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VG Name vg
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LV UUID j5RSvc-2aSh-1GN2-JKOf-LPyg-R6n4-cqodjy
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LV Write Access read/write
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LV Creation host, time wxin, 2025-03-25 13:25:54 +0800
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LV Status available
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# open 0
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LV Size 1.00 GiB
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Current LE 256
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Segments 1
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Allocation inherit
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Read ahead sectors auto
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- currently set to 8192
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Block device 253:2
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--- Logical volume ---
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LV Path /dev/vg/lv2
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LV Name lv2
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VG Name vg
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LV UUID hPMJg9-ZWDM-xzvE-tFfG-KDPe-x2KZ-zjzPUp
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LV Write Access read/write
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LV Creation host, time wxin, 2025-03-25 13:26:24 +0800
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LV Status available
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# open 0
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LV Size 1020.00 MiB
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Current LE 255
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Segments 1
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Allocation inherit
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Read ahead sectors auto
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- currently set to 8192
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Block device 253:3
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# 格式化逻辑卷（如XFS）
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[root@wxin ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/vg/lv
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meta-data=/dev/vg/lv isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=65536 blks
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= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
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= crc=1 finobt=0, sparse=0
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data = bsize=4096 blocks=262144, imaxpct=25
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= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
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naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
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log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2
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= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
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realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
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# 挂载逻辑卷
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[root@wxin ~]# mkdir /mnt/lv
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[root@wxin ~]# mount /dev/vg/lv /mnt/lv
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```
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**删除逻辑卷**
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```bash
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# 查看所有逻辑卷
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[root@wxin ~]# lvs
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# 或查看详细信息
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[root@wxin ~]# lvdisplay
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# 检查挂载点
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[root@wxin ~]# mount | grep <LV名称或挂载点>
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# 卸载
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[root@wxin ~]# umount /mnt/vg-lv
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# 删除指定逻辑卷
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[root@wxin ~]# lvremove /dev/vg/lv
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# 查看卷组详细信息
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[root@wxin ~]# vgdisplay vg
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# 删除卷组
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[root@wxin ~]# vgremove vg
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# 删除物理卷
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[root@wxin ~]# pvremove /dev/sdb4
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```
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**扩展逻辑卷**
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```bash
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# 添加物理卷
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[root@wxin ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdb3
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# 扩展卷组
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[root@wxin ~]# vgextend vg /dev/sdb3
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# 查看卷组
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[root@wxin ~]# vgs
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VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
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vg 2 1 0 wz--n- 2.99g 1.99g
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# 扩展逻辑卷
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[root@wxin ~]# lvextend -L +1G /dev/vg/lv
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[root@wxin ~]# df -hT
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文件系统 类型 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点
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/dev/mapper/vg-lv ext4 976M 2.6M 907M 1% /mnt/vg-lv
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# 扩展文件系统
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[root@wxin ~]# resize2fs /dev/vg/lv
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[root@wxin ~]# df -hT
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文件系统 类型 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点
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/dev/mapper/vg-lv ext4 2.0G 3.0M 1.9G 1% /mnt/vg-lv
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```
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## 三：交换分区 SWAP
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### 1. 交换分区的类型
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| 类型 | 说明 |
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| :-----------: | :----------------------------------------: |
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| **交换分区** | 独立的磁盘分区（类型为`82`或`8200`） |
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| **交换文件** | 文件形式的虚拟交换空间，无需分区 |
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| **LVM逻辑卷** | 将逻辑卷（LV）格式化为交换空间，灵活性更高 |
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### 2. 创建交换空间
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**创建交换分区**
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```bash
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# 创建分区
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[root@wxin ~]# fdisk /dev/sdc
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# 格式化交换分区
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[root@wxin ~]# mkswap /dev/sdc1
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# 激活交换分区
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[root@wxin ~]# swapon /dev/sdc1
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# 永久挂载
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[root@wxin ~]# blkid /dev/sdc1
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[root@wxin ~]# vim /etc/fstab
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UUID=3a412f3b-3877-4984-b9c0-2464f047c65e none swap defaults 0 0
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```
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**创建交换文件**
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```bash
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# 生成交换文件
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[root@wxin ~]# fallocate -l 4G /swapfile
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[root@wxin ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile bs=1M count=4096
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# 设置权限并格式化
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[root@wxin ~]# chmod 600 /swapfile
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[root@wxin ~]# mkswap /swapfile
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# 激活并永久挂载
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[root@wxin ~]# swapon /swapfile
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[root@wxin ~]# echo "/swapfile none swap defaults 0 0" | sudo tee -a /etc/fstab
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```
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**使用 LVM 逻辑卷**
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```bash
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# 创建逻辑卷
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[root@wxin ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdb2
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[root@wxin ~]# vgcreate vg2 /dev/sdb2
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[root@wxin ~]# lvcreate -n lv_swap -L 500M vg2
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# 格式化为交换空间
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[root@wxin ~]# mkswap /dev/vg2/lv_swap
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[root@wxin ~]# swapon /dev/vg2/lv_swap
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# 永久挂载
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[root@wxin ~]# blkid /dev/vg2/lv_swap
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[root@wxin ~]# vim /etc/fstab
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UUID=7d7b8efd-2009-4e6b-8d78-03aab7097460 none swap defaults 0 0
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 3. 禁用或删除交换分区
|
||
|
||
**临时禁用**
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
[root@wxin ~]# swapoff /dev/sdb1 # 分区或逻辑卷
|
||
[root@wxin ~]# swapoff /swapfile # 交换文件
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**永久删除**
|
||
|
||
- 禁用交换分区：
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
[root@wxin ~]# swapoff /swapfile
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
- 删除文件或分区：
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
[root@wxin ~]# rm -f /swapfile # 删除交换文件
|
||
[root@wxin ~]# lvremove /dev/vg_data/lv_swap # 删除逻辑卷
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
- 清理`/etc/fstab`中的对应条目。
|
||
|
||
### 4. 查看交换空间状态
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
# 查看所有交换设备/文件
|
||
free -h
|
||
swapon -s
|
||
cat /proc/swaps
|
||
```
|
||
|