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进程管理.md
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进程管理.md
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<h2><center>进程管理</center></h2>
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------
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## 一：进程介绍
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### 1. 进程的基本属性
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**PID（Process ID）**
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- 每个进程的唯一标识符，由操作系统分配，范围从 `1`（`init/systemd` 进程）开始递增。
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- **PPID（Parent Process ID）**：父进程的 PID，表示创建该进程的进程。
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**用户和组**
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- **UID/GID**：进程所属的用户和组，决定进程的权限（如文件访问权限）。
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**进程状态**
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通过`ps`或`top`查看进程状态，常见的状态包括：
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- **R（Running）**：正在运行或可运行（在运行队列中）。
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- **S（Sleeping）**：可中断的睡眠状态（等待资源或事件）。
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- **D（Uninterruptible Sleep）**：不可中断的睡眠（通常等待磁盘 I/O）。
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- **T（Stopped）**：进程被暂停（如通过 `Ctrl+Z` 或 `SIGSTOP` 信号）。
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- **Z（Zombie）**：僵尸进程（已终止但未被父进程回收资源）。
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**资源占用**
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- **CPU 占用率**：进程使用的 CPU 时间比例。
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- **内存占用**：包括虚拟内存（VSZ）和物理内存（RSS）。
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- **打开的文件和端口**：通过 `lsof` 或 `netstat` 查看。
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### 2. 进程的生命周期
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**创建**
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- 通过 `fork()` 系统调用创建子进程（复制父进程的内存空间）。
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- 通过 `exec()` 系统调用加载新程序到子进程的内存空间。
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**运行**
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- 进程在 CPU 时间片内运行，可能处于用户态或内核态。
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**终止**
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- **正常终止**：进程主动调用 `exit()` 或返回 `main()`。
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- **强制终止**：通过 `kill -9` 发送 `SIGKILL` 信号。
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- **僵尸进程**：子进程终止后，父进程未调用 `wait()` 回收其资源。
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## 二：进程管理
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### 1. 查看进程
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**`ps`命令**
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查看当前进程状态，常用组合：
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```bash
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ps aux # 查看所有进程的详细信息（用户、CPU、内存等）
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ps aux --sort -%cpu # 以CPU的降序排列查看进程
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ps aux --sort %cpu # 以CPU的升序排列查看进程
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ps -ef # 查看完整格式的进程列表
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ps -p <PID> # 查看指定 PID 的进程
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ps aox 属性,[属性],... # 查看进程的指定属性
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示例：
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[user03@wxin ~]$ ps aux --sort %cpu | head -3
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USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
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root 1 0.0 0.2 193820 4676 ? Ss 01:38 0:12 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 22
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root 2 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 01:38 0:00 [kthreadd]
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[user03@wxin ~]$ ps -ef | head -5
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UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD
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root 1 0 0 01:38 ? 00:00:12 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 22
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root 2 0 0 01:38 ? 00:00:00 [kthreadd]
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root 4 2 0 01:38 ? 00:00:00 [kworker/0:0H]
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root 6 2 0 01:38 ? 00:00:00 [ksoftirqd/0]
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[user03@wxin ~]$ ps -p 1
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PID TTY TIME CMD
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1 ? 00:00:12 systemd
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[user03@wxin ~]$ ps -axo uid,pid,%cpu,vsz | head -5
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UID PID %CPU VSZ
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0 1 0.0 193820
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0 2 0.0 0
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0 4 0.0 0
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0 6 0.0 0
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```
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**`top`命令**
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实时监控进程及系统资源占用
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```bash
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top
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# 快捷键：
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# - P：按 CPU 使用率排序
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# - M：按内存使用率排序
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# - N：按PID大小率排序
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# - k：终止指定 PID 的进程
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# - q：退出
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# - <: 向前
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# - >: 向后
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# - z: 彩色
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# - Z: 设置彩色
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```
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### 2. 启动进程
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**直接运行程序（前台）**
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```shell
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/path/to/command
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```
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**后台运行程序**
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```bash
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/path/to/command &
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```
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### 3. 终止进程
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通过 `kill` 发送信号
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```bash
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kill <PID> # 默认发送 SIGTERM（15），正常终止
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kill -9 <PID> # 强制终止（SIGKILL，9）
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```
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通过进程名终止
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```bash
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pkill <进程名> # 根据名称终止进程
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killall <进程名> # 终止所有同名进程
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```
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### 4. 恢复/暂停进程
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- 暂停进程：`Ctrl + Z`（发送 SIGTSTP 信号）
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- 恢复进程到前台：`fg`
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- 恢复进程到后台：`bg`
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### 5. 后台进程管理
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**`jobs`命令**
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查看当前 Shell 的后台任务：
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```bash
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jobs -l # 列出任务及其 PID
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```
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**`nohup`命令**
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让进程在终端关闭后继续运行：
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```bash
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nohup /path/to/command > output.log 2>&1 &
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```
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**`disown`命令**
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将已启动的进程从当前 Shell 分离
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```bash
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disown -h <PID> # 防止进程因 Shell 退出而终止
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```
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### 6. 进程优先级调整
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**`nice`命令**
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启动进程时指定优先级（范围：-20 到 19，值越小优先级越高）：
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```bash
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nice -n 10 /path/to/command # 以优先级 10 启动
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```
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**`renice`命令**
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调整运行中进程的优先级
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```bash
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renice -n 5 -p <PID> # 将 PID 的优先级调整为 5
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```
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### 7. 查找进程
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**按名称查找**
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```bash
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pgrep <进程名> # 返回匹配的 PID
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pgrep -l <关键字> # 显示进程名和 PID
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```
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**按端口查找**
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```bash
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netstat -tunlp | grep <端口号>
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# 或
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ss -tunlp | grep <端口号>
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```
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**按资源占用查找**
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```bash
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lsof -i :<端口号> # 查看占用端口的进程
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lsof /path/to/file # 查看占用文件的进程
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```
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## 三：虚拟文件系统
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### 1.cpu
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```bash
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[root@wxin ~]# cat /proc/cpuinfo
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processor : 0
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vendor_id : GenuineIntel
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cpu family : 6
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model : 183
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model name : Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-14700HX
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stepping : 1
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microcode : 0x125
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cpu MHz : 2304.002
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cache size : 33792 KB
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physical id : 0
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siblings : 2
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core id : 0
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cpu cores : 2
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apicid : 0
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initial apicid : 0
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fpu : yes
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fpu_exception : yes
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cpuid level : 32
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wp : yes
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flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon rep_good nopl xtopology tsc_reliable nonstop_tsc eagerfpu pni pclmulqdq ssse3 fma cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch invpcid_single ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp ibrs_enhanced fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid rdseed adx smap clflushopt clwb sha_ni xsaveopt xsavec xgetbv1 arat umip pku ospke gfni vaes vpclmulqdq movdiri movdir64b md_clear spec_ctrl intel_stibp flush_l1d arch_capabilities
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bogomips : 4608.00
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clflush size : 64
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cache_alignment : 64
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address sizes : 45 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
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power management:
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processor : 1
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vendor_id : GenuineIntel
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cpu family : 6
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model : 183
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model name : Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-14700HX
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stepping : 1
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microcode : 0x125
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cpu MHz : 2304.002
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cache size : 33792 KB
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physical id : 0
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siblings : 2
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core id : 1
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cpu cores : 2
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apicid : 1
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initial apicid : 1
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fpu : yes
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fpu_exception : yes
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cpuid level : 32
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wp : yes
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flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon rep_good nopl xtopology tsc_reliable nonstop_tsc eagerfpu pni pclmulqdq ssse3 fma cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch invpcid_single ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp ibrs_enhanced fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid rdseed adx smap clflushopt clwb sha_ni xsaveopt xsavec xgetbv1 arat umip pku ospke gfni vaes vpclmulqdq movdiri movdir64b md_clear spec_ctrl intel_stibp flush_l1d arch_capabilities
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bogomips : 4608.00
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clflush size : 64
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cache_alignment : 64
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address sizes : 45 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
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power management:
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processor : 2
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vendor_id : GenuineIntel
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cpu family : 6
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model : 183
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model name : Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-14700HX
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stepping : 1
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microcode : 0x125
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cpu MHz : 2304.002
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cache size : 33792 KB
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physical id : 1
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siblings : 2
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core id : 0
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cpu cores : 2
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apicid : 2
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initial apicid : 2
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fpu : yes
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fpu_exception : yes
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cpuid level : 32
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wp : yes
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flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon rep_good nopl xtopology tsc_reliable nonstop_tsc eagerfpu pni pclmulqdq ssse3 fma cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch invpcid_single ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp ibrs_enhanced fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid rdseed adx smap clflushopt clwb sha_ni xsaveopt xsavec xgetbv1 arat umip pku ospke gfni vaes vpclmulqdq movdiri movdir64b md_clear spec_ctrl intel_stibp flush_l1d arch_capabilities
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bogomips : 4608.00
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clflush size : 64
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cache_alignment : 64
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address sizes : 45 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
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power management:
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processor : 3
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vendor_id : GenuineIntel
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cpu family : 6
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model : 183
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model name : Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-14700HX
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stepping : 1
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microcode : 0x125
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cpu MHz : 2304.002
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cache size : 33792 KB
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physical id : 1
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siblings : 2
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core id : 1
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cpu cores : 2
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apicid : 3
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initial apicid : 3
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fpu : yes
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fpu_exception : yes
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cpuid level : 32
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wp : yes
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flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon rep_good nopl xtopology tsc_reliable nonstop_tsc eagerfpu pni pclmulqdq ssse3 fma cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch invpcid_single ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp ibrs_enhanced fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid rdseed adx smap clflushopt clwb sha_ni xsaveopt xsavec xgetbv1 arat umip pku ospke gfni vaes vpclmulqdq movdiri movdir64b md_clear spec_ctrl intel_stibp flush_l1d arch_capabilities
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bogomips : 4608.00
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clflush size : 64
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cache_alignment : 64
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address sizes : 45 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
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power management:
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```
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### 2.内存
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```bash
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[root@wxin ~]# cat /proc/meminfo
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MemTotal: 2027892 kB
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MemFree: 225776 kB
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MemAvailable: 847368 kB
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Buffers: 36 kB
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Cached: 730156 kB
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SwapCached: 496 kB
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Active: 506068 kB
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Inactive: 845292 kB
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Active(anon): 201568 kB
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Inactive(anon): 473196 kB
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Active(file): 304500 kB
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Inactive(file): 372096 kB
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Unevictable: 0 kB
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Mlocked: 0 kB
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SwapTotal: 2097148 kB
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SwapFree: 2082548 kB
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Dirty: 4 kB
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Writeback: 0 kB
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AnonPages: 620724 kB
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Mapped: 95716 kB
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Shmem: 53596 kB
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Slab: 221480 kB
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SReclaimable: 133040 kB
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SUnreclaim: 88440 kB
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KernelStack: 10208 kB
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PageTables: 35596 kB
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NFS_Unstable: 0 kB
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Bounce: 0 kB
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WritebackTmp: 0 kB
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CommitLimit: 3111092 kB
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Committed_AS: 4185336 kB
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VmallocTotal: 34359738367 kB
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VmallocUsed: 179396 kB
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VmallocChunk: 34359310332 kB
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Percpu: 37376 kB
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HardwareCorrupted: 0 kB
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AnonHugePages: 247808 kB
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CmaTotal: 0 kB
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CmaFree: 0 kB
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HugePages_Total: 0
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HugePages_Free: 0
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HugePages_Rsvd: 0
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HugePages_Surp: 0
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Hugepagesize: 2048 kB
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DirectMap4k: 118656 kB
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DirectMap2M: 1978368 kB
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DirectMap1G: 0 kB
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```
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### 3.内核
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```bash
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[root@wxin ~]# cat /proc/cmdline
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BOOT_IMAGE=/vmlinuz-3.10.0-1160.el7.x86_64 root=/dev/mapper/centos-root ro rd.lvm.lv=centos/root rd.lvm.lv=centos/swap rhgb quiet LANG=zh_CN.UTF-8
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```
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