840 lines
37 KiB
Markdown
840 lines
37 KiB
Markdown
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<h1><center>Kubernetes工作负载资源</center></h1>
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------
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## 一:Deployments
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一个 Deployment 为Pod和ReplicaSet提供声明式的更新能力;负责描述 Deployment 中的目标状态,而 Deployment 控制器(Controller)以受控速率更改实际状态, 使其变为期望状态。你可以定义 Deployment 以创建新的 ReplicaSet,或删除现有 Deployment, 并通过新的 Deployment 收养其资源。
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#### 1.案例
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以下是 Deployments 的典型用例:
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1)创建 Deployment 以将 ReplicaSet 上线。 ReplicaSet 在后台创建 Pods。 检查 ReplicaSet 的上线状态,查看其是否成功。
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2)通过更新 Deployment 的 PodTemplateSpec,声明 Pod 的新状态。 新的 ReplicaSet 会被创建,Deployment 以受控速率将 Pod 从旧 ReplicaSet 迁移到新 ReplicaSet。 每个新的 ReplicaSet 都会更新 Deployment 的修订版本。
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3)如果 Deployment 的当前状态不稳定,回滚到较早的 Deployment 版本。 每次回滚都会更新 Deployment 的修订版本。
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4)扩大 Deployment 规模以承担更多负载。
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5)暂停Deployment以应用对 PodTemplateSpec 所作的多项修改, 然后恢复其执行以启动新的上线版本。
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6)使用 Deployment 状态来判定上线过程是否出现停滞
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7)清理较旧的不再需要的 ReplicaSet。
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#### 2.创建 Deployment
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下面是一个 Deployment 示例。其中创建了一个 ReplicaSet,负责启动三个 nginx Pods:
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```shell
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[root@master xingdian]# vim Deployment-xingdian.yaml
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apiVersion: apps/v1
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kind: Deployment
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metadata:
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name: nginx-deployment
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labels:
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app: nginx
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spec:
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replicas: 3
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selector:
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matchLabels:
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app: nginx
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template:
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metadata:
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labels:
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app: nginx
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spec:
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containers:
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- name: nginx
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image: nginx:1.20.1
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ports:
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- containerPort: 80
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```
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创建名为 `nginx-deployment`(由 `.metadata.name` 字段标明)的 Deployment
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该 Deployment 创建三个(由 `replicas` 字段标明)Pod 副本
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`selector` 字段定义 Deployment 如何查找要管理的 Pods。 在这里,你选择在 Pod 模板中定义的标签(`app: nginx`)
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template字段包含以下子字段:
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Pod 被使用 `.metadata.labels` 字段打上 `app: nginx` 标签
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Pod 模板规约(即 `.template.spec` 字段)指示 Pods 运行一个 `nginx` 容器
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创建一个容器并使用 `.spec.template.spec.containers[0].name` 字段将其命名为 `nginx`
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注意:
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`spec.selector.matchLabels` 字段是 `{key,value}` 键值对映射。 在 `matchLabels` 映射中的每个 `{key,value}` 映射等效于 `matchExpressions` 中的一个元素, 即其 `key` 字段是 “key”,`operator` 为 “In”,`values` 数组仅包含 “value”。 在 `matchLabels` 和 `matchExpressions` 中给出的所有条件都必须满足才能匹配。
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通过运行以下命令创建 Deployment :
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```shell
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[root@master xingdian]# kubectl create -f Deployment-xingdian.yaml
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```
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运行 `kubectl get deployments` 检查 Deployment 是否已创建。 如果仍在创建 Deployment,则输出类似于:
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```shell
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[root@master xingdian]# kubectl get deployment
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NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
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nginx-deployment 3/3 3 3 5m27s
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```
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在检查集群中的 Deployment 时,所显示的字段有:
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`NAME` 列出了集群中 Deployment 的名称
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`READY` 显示应用程序的可用的“副本”数。显示的模式是“就绪个数/期望个数”
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`UP-TO-DATE` 显示为了达到期望状态已经更新的副本数
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`AVAILABLE` 显示应用可供用户使用的副本数
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`AGE` 显示应用程序运行的时间
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请注意期望副本数是根据 `.spec.replicas` 字段设置 3
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要查看 Deployment 上线状态,运行 `kubectl rollout status deployment/nginx-deployment`
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```shell
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[root@master xingdian]# kubectl rollout status deployment/nginx-deployment
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deployment "nginx-deployment" successfully rolled out
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```
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要查看 Deployment 创建的 ReplicaSet(`rs`),运行 `kubectl get rs`
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```shell
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[root@master xingdian]# kubectl get rs
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NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE
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nginx-deployment-f8f4bdccc 3 3 3 6m55s
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```
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ReplicaSet 输出中包含以下字段:
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`NAME` 列出名字空间中 ReplicaSet 的名称
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`DESIRED` 显示应用的期望副本个数,即在创建 Deployment 时所定义的值。 此为期望状态
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`CURRENT` 显示当前运行状态中的副本个数
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`READY` 显示应用中有多少副本可以为用户提供服务
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`AGE` 显示应用已经运行的时间长度
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注意:
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注意 ReplicaSet 的名称始终被格式化为`[Deployment名称]-[随机字符串]`。 其中的随机字符串是使用 `pod-template-hash` 作为种子随机生成的。
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要查看每个 Pod 自动生成的标签,运行 `kubectl get pods --show-labels`
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```
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[root@master xingdian]# kubectl get pods --show-labels
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NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE LABELS
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nginx-deployment-f8f4bdccc-72bk8 1/1 Running 0 8m39s app=nginx,pod-template-hash=f8f4bdccc
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nginx-deployment-f8f4bdccc-7dsbx 1/1 Running 0 8m39s app=nginx,pod-template-hash=f8f4bdccc
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nginx-deployment-f8f4bdccc-j9zps 1/1 Running 0 8m39s app=nginx,pod-template-hash=f8f4bdccc
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```
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#### 3.Pod-template-hash 标签
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Deployment 控制器将 `pod-template-hash` 标签添加到 Deployment 所创建或收留的每个 ReplicaSet;此标签可确保 Deployment 的子 ReplicaSets 不重叠。 标签是通过对 ReplicaSet 的 `PodTemplate` 进行哈希处理。 所生成的哈希值被添加到 ReplicaSet 选择算符、Pod 模板标签,并存在于在 ReplicaSet 可能拥有的任何现有 Pod 中。
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#### 4.更新 Deployment
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仅当 Deployment Pod 模板(即 `.spec.template`)发生改变时,例如模板的标签或容器镜像被更新, 才会触发 Deployment 上线。其他更新(如对 Deployment 执行扩缩容的操作)不会触发上线动作
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按照以下步骤更新 Deployment:(版本升级)
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1)先来更新 nginx Pod 以使用 `nginx:1.20.1` 镜像,而不是 `nginx:1.20.2` 镜像
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```shell
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[root@master xingdian]# kubectl set image deployment.v1.apps/nginx-deployment nginx=nginx:1.20.2
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deployment.apps/nginx-deployment image updated
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```
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或者使用下面的命令:
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```shell
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[root@master xingdian]# kubectl set image deployment/nginx-deployment nginx=nginx:1.20.2
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```
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或者,可以对 Deployment 执行 `edit` 操作并将 `.spec.template.spec.containers[0].image` 从 `nginx:1.20.1` 更改至 `nginx:1.20.2`
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```shell
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[root@master xingdian]# kubectl edit deployment/nginx-deployment
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```
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2)要查看上线状态,运行:
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```shell
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[root@master xingdian]# kubectl rollout status deployment/nginx-deployment
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Waiting for deployment "nginx-deployment" rollout to finish: 2 out of 3 new replicas have been updated...
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Waiting for deployment "nginx-deployment" rollout to finish: 2 out of 3 new replicas have been updated...
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Waiting for deployment "nginx-deployment" rollout to finish: 2 out of 3 new replicas have been updated...
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Waiting for deployment "nginx-deployment" rollout to finish: 1 old replicas are pending termination...
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Waiting for deployment "nginx-deployment" rollout to finish: 1 old replicas are pending termination...
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deployment "nginx-deployment" successfully rolled out
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```
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3)在上线成功后,可以通过运行 `kubectl get deployments` 来查看 Deployment:
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```shell
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[root@master xingdian]# kubectl get deployment
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NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
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nginx-deployment 3/3 3 3 17m
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```
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4)运行 `kubectl get rs` 以查看 Deployment 通过创建新的 ReplicaSet 并将其扩容到 3 个副本并将旧 ReplicaSet 缩容到 0 个副本完成了 Pod 的更新操作:
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```shell
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[root@master xingdian]# kubectl get rs
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NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE
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nginx-deployment-5b9bb9f548 3 3 3 6m47s
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nginx-deployment-f8f4bdccc 0 0 0 17m
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```
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5)现在运行 `get pods` 应仅显示新的 Pods:
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```shell
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[root@master xingdian]# kubectl get pod
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NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
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nginx-deployment-5b9bb9f548-7m79h 1/1 Running 0 8m52s
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nginx-deployment-5b9bb9f548-df5vc 1/1 Running 0 10m
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nginx-deployment-5b9bb9f548-w5cwc 1/1 Running 0 7m32s
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```
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注意:
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下次要更新这些 Pods 时,只需再次更新 Deployment Pod 模板即可
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Deployment 可确保在更新时仅关闭一定数量的 Pod。默认情况下,它确保至少所需 Pods 75% 处于运行状态
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Deployment 还确保仅所创建 Pod 数量只可能比期望 Pods 数高一点点。 默认情况下,它可确保启动的 Pod 个数比期望个数最多多出 25%
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例如,如果仔细查看上述 Deployment ,将看到它首先创建了一个新的 Pod,然后删除了一些旧的 Pods, 并创建了新的 Pods。它不会杀死老 Pods,直到有足够的数量新的 Pods 已经出现。 在足够数量的旧 Pods 被杀死前并没有创建新 Pods。它确保至少 2 个 Pod 可用, 同时最多总共 4 个 Pod 可用。 当 Deployment 设置为 4 个副本时,Pod 的个数会介于 3 和 5 之间。
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获取 Deployment 的更多信息:
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```shell
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[root@master xingdian]# kubectl describe deployments nginx-deployment
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Name: nginx-deployment
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Namespace: default
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CreationTimestamp: Sun, 01 May 2022 14:44:45 +0800
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Labels: app=nginx
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Annotations: deployment.kubernetes.io/revision: 2
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Selector: app=nginx
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Replicas: 3 desired | 3 updated | 3 total | 3 available | 0 unavailable
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StrategyType: RollingUpdate
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MinReadySeconds: 0
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RollingUpdateStrategy: 25% max unavailable, 25% max surge
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Pod Template:
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Labels: app=nginx
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Containers:
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nginx:
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Image: nginx:1.20.2
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Port: 80/TCP
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Host Port: 0/TCP
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Environment: <none>
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Mounts: <none>
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Volumes: <none>
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Conditions:
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Type Status Reason
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---- ------ ------
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Available True MinimumReplicasAvailable
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Progressing True NewReplicaSetAvailable
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OldReplicaSets: <none>
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NewReplicaSet: nginx-deployment-5b9bb9f548 (3/3 replicas created)
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Events:
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Type Reason Age From Message
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---- ------ ---- ---- -------
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Normal ScalingReplicaSet 23m deployment-controller Scaled up replica set nginx-deployment-f8f4bdccc to 3
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Normal ScalingReplicaSet 12m deployment-controller Scaled up replica set nginx-deployment-5b9bb9f548 to 1
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Normal ScalingReplicaSet 10m deployment-controller Scaled down replica set nginx-deployment-f8f4bdccc to 2
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Normal ScalingReplicaSet 10m deployment-controller Scaled up replica set nginx-deployment-5b9bb9f548 to 2
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Normal ScalingReplicaSet 9m33s deployment-controller Scaled down replica set nginx-deployment-f8f4bdccc to 1
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Normal ScalingReplicaSet 9m33s deployment-controller Scaled up replica set nginx-deployment-5b9bb9f548 to 3
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Normal ScalingReplicaSet 7m21s deployment-controller Scaled down replica set nginx-deployment-f8f4bdccc to 0
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```
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#### 5.翻转-多 Deployment 动态更新
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Deployment 控制器每次注意到新的 Deployment 时,都会创建一个 ReplicaSet 以启动所需的 Pods。 如果更新了 Deployment,则控制标签匹配 `.spec.selector` 但模板不匹配 `.spec.template` 的 Pods 的现有 ReplicaSet 被缩容。最终,新的 ReplicaSet 缩放为 `.spec.replicas` 个副本, 所有旧 ReplicaSets 缩放为 0 个副本。
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当 Deployment 正在上线时被更新,Deployment 会针对更新创建一个新的 ReplicaSet 并开始对其扩容,之前正在被扩容的 ReplicaSet 会被翻转,添加到旧 ReplicaSets 列表 并开始缩容。
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例如,假定你在创建一个 Deployment 以生成 `nginx:1.14.2` 的 5 个副本,但接下来 更新 Deployment 以创建 5 个 `nginx:1.16.1` 的副本,而此时只有 3 个`nginx:1.14.2` 副本已创建。在这种情况下,Deployment 会立即开始杀死 3 个 `nginx:1.14.2` Pods, 并开始创建 `nginx:1.16.1` Pods。它不会等待 `nginx:1.14.2` 的 5 个副本都创建完成后才开始执行变更动作。
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#### 6.回滚 Deployment
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有时,你可能想要回滚 Deployment;例如,当 Deployment 不稳定时(例如进入反复崩溃状态)。 默认情况下,Deployment 的所有上线记录都保留在系统中,以便可以随时回滚 (你可以通过修改修订历史记录限制来更改这一约束)
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注意:
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Deployment 被触发上线时,系统就会创建 Deployment 的新的修订版本。 这意味着仅当 Deployment 的 Pod 模板(`.spec.template`)发生更改时,才会创建新修订版本 -- 例如,模板的标签或容器镜像发生变化。 其他更新,如 Deployment 的扩缩容操作不会创建 Deployment 修订版本。 这是为了方便同时执行手动缩放或自动缩放。 换言之,当你回滚到较早的修订版本时,只有 Deployment 的 Pod 模板部分会被回滚。
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假设你在更新 Deployment 时犯了一个拼写错误,将镜像名称命名设置为 `nginx:1.161` 而不是 `nginx:1.16.1`:
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```shell
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[root@master xingdian]# kubectl set image deployment/nginx-deployment nginx=nginx:1.161
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```
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此上线进程会出现停滞。你可以通过检查上线状态来验证:
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```shell
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[root@master xingdian]# kubectl rollout status deployment/nginx-deployment
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```
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你可以看到旧的副本有两个,新的副本有 1 个
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```shell
|
|||
|
[root@master xingdian]# kubectl get rs
|
|||
|
NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE
|
|||
|
nginx-deployment-5b4685b9bd 1 1 0 63s
|
|||
|
nginx-deployment-5b9bb9f548 3 3 3 19m
|
|||
|
nginx-deployment-f8f4bdccc 0 0 0 30m
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
注意:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Deployment 控制器自动停止有问题的上线过程,并停止对新的 ReplicaSet 扩容。 这行为取决于所指定的 rollingUpdate 参数(具体为 `maxUnavailable`)。 默认情况下,Kubernetes 将此值设置为 25%。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
获取 Deployment 描述信息:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```shell
|
|||
|
[root@master xingdian]# kubectl describe deployment
|
|||
|
Name: nginx-deployment
|
|||
|
Namespace: default
|
|||
|
CreationTimestamp: Sun, 01 May 2022 14:44:45 +0800
|
|||
|
Labels: app=nginx
|
|||
|
Annotations: deployment.kubernetes.io/revision: 3
|
|||
|
kubernetes.io/change-cause: kubectl set image deployment/nginx-deployment nginx=nginx:1.161 --record=true
|
|||
|
Selector: app=nginx
|
|||
|
Replicas: 3 desired | 1 updated | 4 total | 3 available | 1 unavailable
|
|||
|
StrategyType: RollingUpdate
|
|||
|
MinReadySeconds: 0
|
|||
|
RollingUpdateStrategy: 25% max unavailable, 25% max surge
|
|||
|
Pod Template:
|
|||
|
Labels: app=nginx
|
|||
|
Containers:
|
|||
|
nginx:
|
|||
|
Image: nginx:1.161
|
|||
|
Port: 80/TCP
|
|||
|
Host Port: 0/TCP
|
|||
|
Environment: <none>
|
|||
|
Mounts: <none>
|
|||
|
Volumes: <none>
|
|||
|
Conditions:
|
|||
|
Type Status Reason
|
|||
|
---- ------ ------
|
|||
|
Available True MinimumReplicasAvailable
|
|||
|
Progressing True ReplicaSetUpdated
|
|||
|
OldReplicaSets: nginx-deployment-5b9bb9f548 (3/3 replicas created)
|
|||
|
NewReplicaSet: nginx-deployment-5b4685b9bd (1/1 replicas created)
|
|||
|
Events:
|
|||
|
Type Reason Age From Message
|
|||
|
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
|
|||
|
Normal ScalingReplicaSet 31m deployment-controller Scaled up replica set nginx-deployment-f8f4bdccc to 3
|
|||
|
Normal ScalingReplicaSet 20m deployment-controller Scaled up replica set nginx-deployment-5b9bb9f548 to 1
|
|||
|
Normal ScalingReplicaSet 18m deployment-controller Scaled down replica set nginx-deployment-f8f4bdccc to 2
|
|||
|
Normal ScalingReplicaSet 18m deployment-controller Scaled up replica set nginx-deployment-5b9bb9f548 to 2
|
|||
|
Normal ScalingReplicaSet 17m deployment-controller Scaled down replica set nginx-deployment-f8f4bdccc to 1
|
|||
|
Normal ScalingReplicaSet 17m deployment-controller Scaled up replica set nginx-deployment-5b9bb9f548 to 3
|
|||
|
Normal ScalingReplicaSet 15m deployment-controller Scaled down replica set nginx-deployment-f8f4bdccc to 0
|
|||
|
Normal ScalingReplicaSet 2m4s deployment-controller Scaled up replica set nginx-deployment-5b4685b9bd to 1
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
要解决此问题,需要回滚到以前稳定的 Deployment 版本
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
检查 Deployment 上线历史:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
1)首先,检查 Deployment 修订历史:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```shell
|
|||
|
[root@master xingdian]# kubectl rollout history deployment/nginx-deployment
|
|||
|
deployment.apps/nginx-deployment
|
|||
|
REVISION CHANGE-CAUSE
|
|||
|
1 <none>
|
|||
|
2 <none>
|
|||
|
3 kubectl set image deployment/nginx-deployment nginx=nginx:1.161
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
`CHANGE-CAUSE` 的内容是从 Deployment 的 `kubernetes.io/change-cause` 注解复制过来的
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
复制动作发生在修订版本创建时。你可以通过以下方式设置 `CHANGE-CAUSE` 消息:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
使用 `kubectl annotate deployment/nginx-deployment kubernetes.io/change-cause="image updated to 1.16.1"` 为 Deployment 添加注解
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
手动编辑资源的清单
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
2)要查看修订历史的详细信息,运行:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```shell
|
|||
|
[root@master xingdian]# kubectl rollout history deployment/nginx-deployment --revision=2
|
|||
|
deployment.apps/nginx-deployment with revision #2
|
|||
|
Pod Template:
|
|||
|
Labels: app=nginx
|
|||
|
pod-template-hash=5b9bb9f548
|
|||
|
Containers:
|
|||
|
nginx:
|
|||
|
Image: nginx:1.20.2
|
|||
|
Port: 80/TCP
|
|||
|
Host Port: 0/TCP
|
|||
|
Environment: <none>
|
|||
|
Mounts: <none>
|
|||
|
Volumes: <none>
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
#### 7.回滚到之前的修订版本
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
1)按照下面给出的步骤将 Deployment 从当前版本回滚到以前的版本(即版本 2)
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```shell
|
|||
|
[root@master xingdian]# kubectl rollout undo deployment/nginx-deployment
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
输出类似于:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```shell
|
|||
|
deployment.apps/nginx-deployment
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
或者,你也可以通过使用 `--to-revision` 来回滚到特定修订版本:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```shell
|
|||
|
[root@master xingdian]# kubectl rollout undo deployment/nginx-deployment --to-revision=2
|
|||
|
deployment.apps/nginx-deployment rolled back
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
2)检查回滚是否成功以及 Deployment 是否正在运行,运行:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```shell
|
|||
|
[root@master xingdian]# kubectl get deployment nginx-deployment
|
|||
|
NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
|
|||
|
nginx-deployment 3/3 3 3 39m
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
3)获取 Deployment 描述信息:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```shell
|
|||
|
[root@master xingdian]# kubectl describe deployment nginx-deployment
|
|||
|
Name: nginx-deployment
|
|||
|
Namespace: default
|
|||
|
CreationTimestamp: Sun, 01 May 2022 14:44:45 +0800
|
|||
|
Labels: app=nginx
|
|||
|
Annotations: deployment.kubernetes.io/revision: 4
|
|||
|
Selector: app=nginx
|
|||
|
Replicas: 3 desired | 3 updated | 3 total | 3 available | 0 unavailable
|
|||
|
StrategyType: RollingUpdate
|
|||
|
MinReadySeconds: 0
|
|||
|
RollingUpdateStrategy: 25% max unavailable, 25% max surge
|
|||
|
Pod Template:
|
|||
|
Labels: app=nginx
|
|||
|
Containers:
|
|||
|
nginx:
|
|||
|
Image: nginx:1.20.2
|
|||
|
Port: 80/TCP
|
|||
|
Host Port: 0/TCP
|
|||
|
Environment: <none>
|
|||
|
Mounts: <none>
|
|||
|
Volumes: <none>
|
|||
|
Conditions:
|
|||
|
Type Status Reason
|
|||
|
---- ------ ------
|
|||
|
Available True MinimumReplicasAvailable
|
|||
|
Progressing True NewReplicaSetAvailable
|
|||
|
OldReplicaSets: <none>
|
|||
|
NewReplicaSet: nginx-deployment-5b9bb9f548 (3/3 replicas created)
|
|||
|
Events:
|
|||
|
Type Reason Age From Message
|
|||
|
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
|
|||
|
Normal ScalingReplicaSet 40m deployment-controller Scaled up replica set nginx-deployment-f8f4bdccc to 3
|
|||
|
Normal ScalingReplicaSet 29m deployment-controller Scaled up replica set nginx-deployment-5b9bb9f548 to 1
|
|||
|
Normal ScalingReplicaSet 27m deployment-controller Scaled down replica set nginx-deployment-f8f4bdccc to 2
|
|||
|
Normal ScalingReplicaSet 27m deployment-controller Scaled up replica set nginx-deployment-5b9bb9f548 to 2
|
|||
|
Normal ScalingReplicaSet 25m deployment-controller Scaled down replica set nginx-deployment-f8f4bdccc to 1
|
|||
|
Normal ScalingReplicaSet 25m deployment-controller Scaled up replica set nginx-deployment-5b9bb9f548 to 3
|
|||
|
Normal ScalingReplicaSet 23m deployment-controller Scaled down replica set nginx-deployment-f8f4bdccc to 0
|
|||
|
Normal ScalingReplicaSet 10m deployment-controller Scaled up replica set nginx-deployment-5b4685b9bd to 1
|
|||
|
Normal ScalingReplicaSet 88s deployment-controller Scaled down replica set nginx-deployment-5b4685b9bd to 0
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
#### 8.缩放 Deployment
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
1)你可以使用如下指令缩放 Deployment:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```shell
|
|||
|
[root@master xingdian]# kubectl scale deployment/nginx-deployment --replicas=10
|
|||
|
deployment.apps/nginx-deployment scaled
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
假设集群启用了Pod 的水平自动缩放, 你可以为 Deployment 设置自动缩放器,并基于现有 Pod 的 CPU 利用率选择要运行的 Pod 个数下限和上限。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```shell
|
|||
|
[root@master xingdian]# kubectl autoscale deployment/nginx-deployment --min=10 --max=15 --cpu-percent=80
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
2)比例缩放:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
RollingUpdate 的 Deployment 支持同时运行应用程序的多个版本。 当自动缩放器缩放处于上线进程(仍在进行中或暂停)中的 RollingUpdate Deployment 时, Deployment 控制器会平衡现有的活跃状态的 ReplicaSets(含 Pods 的 ReplicaSets)中的额外副本, 以降低风险。这称为比例缩放。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
例如,你正在运行一个 10 个副本的 Deployment,其maxSurge=3,maxUnavailable=2
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
注意:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<img src="https://xingdian-image.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/xingdian-image/image-20220501154649042.png" alt="image-20220501154649042" style="zoom:50%;" />
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
最大峰值:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
`.spec.strategy.rollingUpdate.maxSurge` 是一个可选字段,用来指定可以创建的超出期望 Pod 个数的 Pod 数量。此值可以是绝对数(例如,5)或所需 Pods 的百分比(例如,10%)。 如果 `MaxUnavailable` 为 0,则此值不能为 0。百分比值会通过向上取整转换为绝对数。 此字段的默认值为 25%。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
例如,当此值为 30% 时,启动滚动更新后,会立即对新的 ReplicaSet 扩容,同时保证新旧 Pod 的总数不超过所需 Pod 总数的 130%。一旦旧 Pods 被杀死,新的 ReplicaSet 可以进一步扩容, 同时确保更新期间的任何时候运行中的 Pods 总数最多为所需 Pods 总数的 130%。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
最大不可用:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
`.spec.strategy.rollingUpdate.maxUnavailable` 是一个可选字段,用来指定 更新过程中不可用的 Pod 的个数上限。该值可以是绝对数字(例如,5),也可以是所需 Pods 的百分比(例如,10%)。百分比值会转换成绝对数并去除小数部分。 如果 `.spec.strategy.rollingUpdate.maxSurge` 为 0,则此值不能为 0。 默认值为 25%。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
例如,当此值设置为 30% 时,滚动更新开始时会立即将旧 ReplicaSet 缩容到期望 Pod 个数的70%。 新 Pod 准备就绪后,可以继续缩容旧有的 ReplicaSet,然后对新的 ReplicaSet 扩容, 确保在更新期间可用的 Pods 总数在任何时候都至少为所需的 Pod 个数的 70%。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
进度期限秒数:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
`.spec.progressDeadlineSeconds` 是一个可选字段,用于指定系统在报告 Deployment [进展失败](https://kubernetes.io/zh/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/deployment/#failed-deployment) 之前等待 Deployment 取得进展的秒数。 这类报告会在资源状态中体现为 `type: Progressing`、`status: False`、 `reason: ProgressDeadlineExceeded`。Deployment 控制器将持续重试 Deployment。 将来,一旦实现了自动回滚,Deployment 控制器将在探测到这样的条件时立即回滚 Deployment。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
如果指定,则此字段值需要大于 `.spec.minReadySeconds` 取值。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
最短就绪时间:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
`.spec.minReadySeconds` 是一个可选字段,用于指定新创建的 Pod 在没有任意容器崩溃情况下的最小就绪时间, 只有超出这个时间 Pod 才被视为可用。默认值为 0(Pod 在准备就绪后立即将被视为可用)。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
paused(暂停的):
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
`.spec.paused` 是用于暂停和恢复 Deployment 的可选布尔字段。 暂停的 Deployment 和未暂停的 Deployment 的唯一区别是,Deployment 处于暂停状态时, PodTemplateSpec 的任何修改都不会触发新的上线。 Deployment 在创建时是默认不会处于暂停状态。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
确保 Deployment 的这 10 个副本都在运行:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```shell
|
|||
|
[root@master xingdian]# kubectl get deploy
|
|||
|
NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
|
|||
|
nginx-deployment 10/10 10 10 53
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
更新 Deployment 使用新镜像,碰巧该镜像无法从集群内部解析:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```shell
|
|||
|
[root@master xingdian]# kubectl set image deployment/nginx-deployment nginx=nginx:sometag
|
|||
|
deployment.apps/nginx-deployment image updated
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
镜像更新用 ReplicaSet 启动新的上线过程, 但由于上面提到的 `maxUnavailable` 要求,该进程被阻塞。检查上线状态:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```shell
|
|||
|
[root@master xingdian]# kubectl get rs
|
|||
|
NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE
|
|||
|
nginx-deployment-5b9bb9f548 8 8 8 44m
|
|||
|
nginx-deployment-745c49b799 5 5 0 76s
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
然后,出现了新的 Deployment 扩缩请求。自动缩放器将 Deployment 副本增加到 13。 Deployment 控制器需要决定在何处添加 3 个新副本。如果未使用比例缩放,所有 5 个副本 都将添加到新的 ReplicaSet 中。使用比例缩放时,可以将额外的副本分布到所有 ReplicaSet。 较大比例的副本会被添加到拥有最多副本的 ReplicaSet,而较低比例的副本会进入到 副本较少的 ReplicaSet。所有剩下的副本都会添加到副本最多的 ReplicaSet。 具有零副本的 ReplicaSets 不会被扩容。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
查看pod数量(取决于maxUnavailable)
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```shell
|
|||
|
[root@master xingdian]# kubectl get pod
|
|||
|
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
|
|||
|
nginx-deployment-745c49b799-4dmbw 0/1 ImagePullBackOff 0 119s
|
|||
|
nginx-deployment-745c49b799-94qtp 0/1 ImagePullBackOff 0 119s
|
|||
|
nginx-deployment-745c49b799-rmpzt 0/1 ImagePullBackOff 0 119s
|
|||
|
nginx-deployment-745c49b799-tfw7g 0/1 ImagePullBackOff 0 119s
|
|||
|
nginx-deployment-745c49b799-tlxfz 0/1 ImagePullBackOff 0 119s
|
|||
|
nginx-deployment-f8f4bdccc-4ckd7 1/1 Running 0 3m22s
|
|||
|
nginx-deployment-f8f4bdccc-7tnrn 1/1 Running 0 2m46s
|
|||
|
nginx-deployment-f8f4bdccc-9ndhj 1/1 Running 0 2m46s
|
|||
|
nginx-deployment-f8f4bdccc-b5xzc 1/1 Running 0 3m22s
|
|||
|
nginx-deployment-f8f4bdccc-l226t 1/1 Running 0 2m46s
|
|||
|
nginx-deployment-f8f4bdccc-lqqjw 1/1 Running 0 2m46s
|
|||
|
nginx-deployment-f8f4bdccc-s6rzl 1/1 Running 0 2m46s
|
|||
|
nginx-deployment-f8f4bdccc-zfrcv 1/1 Running 0 3m22s
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
#### 9.暂停、恢复上线过程
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
使用如下指令暂停上线:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```shell
|
|||
|
[root@master xingdian]# kubectl rollout pause deployment/nginx-deployment
|
|||
|
deployment.apps/nginx-deployment paused
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
暂停 Deployment 上线之前的初始状态将继续发挥作用,但新的更新在 Deployment 上线被暂停期间不会产生任何效果。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
接下来更新 Deployment 镜像:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
[root@master xingdian]# kubectl set image deployment/nginx-deployment nginx=nginx:1.20.1
|
|||
|
deployment.apps/nginx-deployment image updated
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
注意没有新的上线被触发:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```shell
|
|||
|
[root@master xingdian]# kubectl rollout history deployment/nginx-deployment
|
|||
|
deployment.apps/nginx-deployment
|
|||
|
REVISION CHANGE-CAUSE
|
|||
|
2 <none>
|
|||
|
3 <none>
|
|||
|
[root@master xingdian]# kubectl get rs
|
|||
|
NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE
|
|||
|
nginx-deployment-745c49b799 5 5 0 7m48s
|
|||
|
nginx-deployment-f8f4bdccc 8 8 8 9m11s
|
|||
|
[root@master xingdian]# kubectl get pod
|
|||
|
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
|
|||
|
nginx-deployment-745c49b799-4dmbw 0/1 ImagePullBackOff 0 7m55s
|
|||
|
nginx-deployment-745c49b799-94qtp 0/1 ImagePullBackOff 0 7m55s
|
|||
|
nginx-deployment-745c49b799-rmpzt 0/1 ImagePullBackOff 0 7m55s
|
|||
|
nginx-deployment-745c49b799-tfw7g 0/1 ImagePullBackOff 0 7m55s
|
|||
|
nginx-deployment-745c49b799-tlxfz 0/1 ImagePullBackOff 0 7m55s
|
|||
|
nginx-deployment-f8f4bdccc-4ckd7 1/1 Running 0 9m18s
|
|||
|
nginx-deployment-f8f4bdccc-7tnrn 1/1 Running 0 8m42s
|
|||
|
nginx-deployment-f8f4bdccc-9ndhj 1/1 Running 0 8m42s
|
|||
|
nginx-deployment-f8f4bdccc-b5xzc 1/1 Running 0 9m18s
|
|||
|
nginx-deployment-f8f4bdccc-l226t 1/1 Running 0 8m42s
|
|||
|
nginx-deployment-f8f4bdccc-lqqjw 1/1 Running 0 8m42s
|
|||
|
nginx-deployment-f8f4bdccc-s6rzl 1/1 Running 0 8m42s
|
|||
|
nginx-deployment-f8f4bdccc-zfrcv 1/1 Running 0 9m18s
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
你可以根据需要执行很多更新操作,例如,可以要使用的资源:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```shell
|
|||
|
[root@master xingdian]# kubectl set resources deployment/nginx-deployment -c=nginx --limits=cpu=200m,memory=512Mi
|
|||
|
deployment.apps/nginx-deployment resource requirements updated
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
最终,恢复 Deployment 上线并观察新的 ReplicaSet 的创建过程,其中包含了所应用的所有更新:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```shell
|
|||
|
[root@master xingdian]# kubectl rollout resume deployment/nginx-deployment
|
|||
|
deployment.apps/nginx-deployment resumed
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
[root@master xingdian]# kubectl get rs
|
|||
|
NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE
|
|||
|
nginx-deployment-578d8bf985 10 10 9 32s
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
#### 10.Deployment 状态
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Deployment 的生命周期中会有许多状态。上线新的 ReplicaSet 期间可能处于 Progressing(进行中),可能是 Complete(已完成),也可能是 Failed(失败)以至于无法继续进行。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
1)进行中的 Deployment
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
执行下面的任务期间,Kubernetes 标记 Deployment 为进行中(Progressing):
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Deployment 创建新的 ReplicaSet
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Deployment 正在为其最新的 ReplicaSet 扩容
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Deployment 正在为其旧有的 ReplicaSet(s) 缩容
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
新的 Pods 已经就绪或者可用(就绪至少持续了 [MinReadySeconds](https://kubernetes.io/zh/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/deployment/#min-ready-seconds) 秒)
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
当上线过程进入“Progressing”状态时,Deployment 控制器会向 Deployment 的 `.status.conditions` 中添加包含下面属性的状况条目:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
`type: Progressing`
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
`status: "True"`
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
`reason: NewReplicaSetCreated` | `reason: FoundNewReplicaSet` | `reason: ReplicaSetUpdated`
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
2)完成的 Deployment
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
当 Deployment 具有以下特征时,Kubernetes 将其标记为完成(Complete):
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
与 Deployment 关联的所有副本都已更新到指定的最新版本,这意味着之前请求的所有更新都已完成
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
与 Deployment 关联的所有副本都可用
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
未运行 Deployment 的旧副本
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
当上线过程进入“Complete”状态时,Deployment 控制器会向 Deployment 的 `.status.conditions` 中添加包含下面属性的状况条目:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
`type: Progressing`
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
`status: "True"`
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
`reason: NewReplicaSetAvailable`
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
这一 `Progressing` 状况的状态值会持续为 `"True"`,直至新的上线动作被触发。 即使副本的可用状态发生变化(进而影响 `Available` 状况),`Progressing` 状况的值也不会变化。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
可以使用 `kubectl rollout status` 检查 Deployment 是否已完成。 如果上线成功完成,`kubectl rollout status` 返回退出代码 0。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```shell
|
|||
|
[root@master xingdian]# kubectl rollout status deployment/nginx-deployment
|
|||
|
[root@master xingdian]# echo $?
|
|||
|
0
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
3)失败的 Deployment
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Deployment 可能会在尝试部署其最新的 ReplicaSet 受挫,一直处于未完成状态。 造成此情况一些可能因素如下:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
配额(Quota)不足
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
就绪探测(Readiness Probe)失败
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
镜像拉取错误
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
权限不足
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
限制范围(Limit Ranges)问题
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
应用程序运行时的配置错误
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
检测此状况的一种方法是在 Deployment 规约中指定截止时间参数:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
([`.spec.progressDeadlineSeconds`](#progress-deadline-seconds))。 `.spec.progressDeadlineSeconds` 给出的是一个秒数值,Deployment 控制器在(通过 Deployment 状态) 标示 Deployment 进展停滞之前,需要等待所给的时长。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
`kubectl` 命令设置规约中的 `progressDeadlineSeconds`,从而告知控制器 在 10 分钟后报告 Deployment 没有进展:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```shell
|
|||
|
[root@master xingdian]# kubectl patch deployment/nginx-deployment -p '{"spec":{"progressDeadlineSeconds":600}}'
|
|||
|
deployment.apps/nginx-deployment patched
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
超过时间后,Deployment 控制器将添加具有以下属性的 Deployment 状况到 Deployment 的 `.status.conditions` 中:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Type=Progressing
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Status=False
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Reason=ProgressDeadlineExceeded
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
这一状况也可能会比较早地失败,因而其状态值被设置为 `"False"`, 其原因为 `ReplicaSetCreateError`。 一旦 Deployment 上线完成,就不再考虑其期限。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
注意:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
除了报告 `Reason=ProgressDeadlineExceeded` 状态之外,Kubernetes 对已停止的 Deployment 不执行任何操作。更高级别的编排器可以利用这一设计并相应地采取行动。 例如,将 Deployment 回滚到其以前的版本。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
如果你暂停了某个 Deployment 上线,Kubernetes 不再根据指定的截止时间检查 Deployment 进展。 你可以在上线过程中间安全地暂停 Deployment 再恢复其执行,这样做不会导致超出最后时限的问题。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Deployment 可能会出现瞬时性的错误,可能因为设置的超时时间过短, 也可能因为其他可认为是临时性的问题。例如,假定所遇到的问题是配额不足。 如果描述 Deployment,你将会注意到以下部分:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```shell
|
|||
|
[root@master xingdian]# kubectl describe deployment nginx-deployment
|
|||
|
Name: nginx-deployment
|
|||
|
Namespace: default
|
|||
|
CreationTimestamp: Sun, 01 May 2022 16:17:05 +0800
|
|||
|
Labels: app=nginx
|
|||
|
Annotations: deployment.kubernetes.io/revision: 2
|
|||
|
Selector: app=nginx
|
|||
|
Replicas: 10 desired | 5 updated | 13 total | 8 available | 5 unavailable
|
|||
|
StrategyType: RollingUpdate
|
|||
|
MinReadySeconds: 0
|
|||
|
RollingUpdateStrategy: 25% max unavailable, 25% max surge
|
|||
|
Pod Template:
|
|||
|
Labels: app=nginx
|
|||
|
Containers:
|
|||
|
nginx:
|
|||
|
Image: nginx:xingdian
|
|||
|
Port: 80/TCP
|
|||
|
Host Port: 0/TCP
|
|||
|
Environment: <none>
|
|||
|
Mounts: <none>
|
|||
|
Volumes: <none>
|
|||
|
Conditions:
|
|||
|
Type Status Reason
|
|||
|
---- ------ ------
|
|||
|
Available True MinimumReplicasAvailable
|
|||
|
Progressing False ProgressDeadlineExceeded
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
如果运行 `kubectl get deployment nginx-deployment -o yaml`,Deployment 状态输出 将类似于这样:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```shell
|
|||
|
[root@master xingdian]# kubectl get deployment nginx-deployment -o yaml
|
|||
|
apiVersion: apps/v1
|
|||
|
kind: Deployment
|
|||
|
metadata:
|
|||
|
annotations:
|
|||
|
deployment.kubernetes.io/revision: "2"
|
|||
|
creationTimestamp: "2022-05-01T08:17:05Z"
|
|||
|
generation: 5
|
|||
|
labels:
|
|||
|
app: nginx
|
|||
|
name: nginx-deployment
|
|||
|
namespace: default
|
|||
|
resourceVersion: "27025"
|
|||
|
uid: abfb4f28-eee6-41b7-a26d-801de265f01d
|
|||
|
spec:
|
|||
|
progressDeadlineSeconds: 60
|
|||
|
replicas: 10
|
|||
|
revisionHistoryLimit: 10
|
|||
|
selector:
|
|||
|
matchLabels:
|
|||
|
app: nginx
|
|||
|
strategy:
|
|||
|
rollingUpdate:
|
|||
|
maxSurge: 25%
|
|||
|
maxUnavailable: 25%
|
|||
|
type: RollingUpdate
|
|||
|
template:
|
|||
|
metadata:
|
|||
|
creationTimestamp: null
|
|||
|
labels:
|
|||
|
app: nginx
|
|||
|
spec:
|
|||
|
containers:
|
|||
|
- image: nginx:xingdian
|
|||
|
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
|
|||
|
name: nginx
|
|||
|
ports:
|
|||
|
- containerPort: 80
|
|||
|
protocol: TCP
|
|||
|
resources: {}
|
|||
|
terminationMessagePath: /dev/termination-log
|
|||
|
terminationMessagePolicy: File
|
|||
|
dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
|
|||
|
restartPolicy: Always
|
|||
|
schedulerName: default-scheduler
|
|||
|
securityContext: {}
|
|||
|
terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 30
|
|||
|
status:
|
|||
|
availableReplicas: 8
|
|||
|
conditions:
|
|||
|
- lastTransitionTime: "2022-05-01T08:17:24Z"
|
|||
|
lastUpdateTime: "2022-05-01T08:17:24Z"
|
|||
|
message: Deployment has minimum availability.
|
|||
|
reason: MinimumReplicasAvailable
|
|||
|
status: "True"
|
|||
|
type: Available
|
|||
|
- lastTransitionTime: "2022-05-01T08:26:14Z"
|
|||
|
lastUpdateTime: "2022-05-01T08:26:14Z"
|
|||
|
message: ReplicaSet "nginx-deployment-7646c57c" has timed out progressing.
|
|||
|
reason: ProgressDeadlineExceeded
|
|||
|
status: "False"
|
|||
|
type: Progressing
|
|||
|
observedGeneration: 5
|
|||
|
readyReplicas: 8
|
|||
|
replicas: 13
|
|||
|
unavailableReplicas: 5
|
|||
|
updatedReplicas: 5
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
对失败 Deployment 的操作:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
1.回滚到之前可以用版本
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
2.暂停,修复,继续运行
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|