2025-04-23 13:09:46 +08:00
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<h2><center>版本控制</center></h2>
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------
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## 一：Git 简介
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### 1. 介绍
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- `Git`是一个开源的分布式版本控制系统，用于敏捷高效地处理任何或小或大的项目
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- `Git`是`Linus Torvalds`为了帮助管理`Linux`内核开发而开发的一个开放源码的版本控制软件
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- `Git`与常用的版本控制工具`CVS`、`Subversion`等不同，它采用了分布式版本库的方式，不必服务器端软件支持
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### 2. Git 工作流程
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1. 克隆 Git 资源作为工作目录
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2. 在克隆的资源上添加或修改文件
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3. 如果其他人修改了，你可以更新资源
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4. 在提交前查看修改
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5. 提交修改
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6. 在修改完成后，如果发现错误，可以撤回提交并再次修改并提交
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### 3. git 的工作区、暂存区和版本库
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**工作区：**就是你在电脑里能看到的目录
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**暂存区：**英文叫`stage`，或`index`。一般存放在`git`目录下的`index`文件（`.git/index`）中，所以我们把暂存区有时也叫作索引（index）
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**版本库：**工作区有一个隐藏目录`.git`，这个不算工作区，而是`Git`的版本库
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### 4. Git 安装
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```bash
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[root@git ~]# yum -y install git curl-devel expat-devel gettext-devel openssl-devel zlib-devel git-core
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```
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## 二：Git 使用
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`Git`提供了一个叫做`git config`的工具，专门用来配置或读取相应的工作环境变量
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这些环境变量，决定了`Git`在各个环节的具体工作方式和行为。这些变量可以存放在以下三个不同的地方：
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- `/etc/gitconfig`文件：系统中对所有用户都普遍适用的配置。若使用`git config`时用`--system`选项，读写的就是这个文件
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- `~/.gitconfig`文件：用户目录下的配置文件只适用于该用户。若使用`git config`时用`--global`选项，读写的就是这个文件
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- 当前项目的`Git`目录中的配置文件（也就是工作目录中的`.git/config`文件）：这里的配置仅仅针对当前项目有效
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### 1. Git 用户信息
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配置个人的用户名称和电子邮件地址：
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```bash
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[root@git ~]# git config --global user.name "wxin"
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[root@git ~]# git config --global user.email "wxin@163.com"
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```
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### 2. 查看配置信息
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```bash
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[root@git ~]# git config --list
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user.name=wxin
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user.email=wxin@163.com
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用户名和邮箱和github上一致
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```
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这些配置我们也可以在`~/.gitconfig`看到，如下所示：
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```bash
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[root@git ~]# cat ~/.gitconfig
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[user]
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name = wxin
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email = wxin@163.com
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```
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注意：
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```bash
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git config --global 参数
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取消代理：
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git config --global --unset http.proxy
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git config --global --unset https.proxy
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设置代理：
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git config --global http.proxy http://domain.local\vsilva:Passw0rd@proxyServer:8080
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出现各种 SSL certificate problem 的解决办法：
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git config --global http.sslVerify false
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```
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### 3. 常用的 git 命令
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```bash
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# 初始化
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git init
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# 将某一个文件添加到暂存区
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git add main.cpp
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# 将文件夹下的所有的文件添加到暂存区
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git add .
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# 将暂存区中的文件保存成为某一个版本
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git commit -m 'note'
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# 查看所有的版本日志
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git log
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# 查看现在暂存区的状况
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git status
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# 查看现在文件与上一个提交-commit版本的区别
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git diff
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# 回到上一个版本
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git reset --hard HEAD^
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# XXX为版本编号，回到某一个版本
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git reset --hard XXXXX
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# 从主分支pull到本地
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git pull origin master
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# 从本地push到主分支
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git push -u origin master
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# push默认主分支 ...
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git push
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```
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### 4. Git 使用
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`ssh`链接：
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客户机上产生公钥上传到`gitlab`的`SSH-Keys`里，`git clone`下载和`git push`上传都没问题，这种方式很安全
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`ssh`连接`github`：
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登录`github`，这是`github`的主页（如果没有账户需要注册）
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`Git`服务器生成秘钥：
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```bash
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[root@git ~]# ssh-keygen
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Generating public/private rsa key pair.
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Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa):
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Created directory '/root/.ssh'.
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Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
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Enter same passphrase again:
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Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.
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Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
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The key fingerprint is:
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SHA256:HhgQDguY3A8fAlR+unlWK3liO+o/f8bsQ0+sFHQE5zw root@git
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The key's randomart image is:
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+---[RSA 2048]----+
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|=+=.o. .oo |
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|oo.B o .+. |
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| ..*.o . .E |
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| oo o . . |
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| . ..S o |
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| o o..+ o |
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| o B o* + |
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| +o= B . |
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| .ooo+.+.. |
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+----[SHA256]-----+
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[root@git ~]# cat .ssh/id_rsa.pub
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ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQABAAABAQDTniLfB2SsuRFonPOD94/uCyc8x/wSgkmW0Jq8eRoFvW3+DNHon+iwqufSnkodlkGn2zUun9y6vRGJnU69+/hEFSupZ/eCyUNrnPwwE+BDy2CsRr73pckMmXJERw7SedT5VhDCHFYq6a4fxVZjLhhxbfhi55HisRNc99tJBopkXpOMutr9jvKC+p929Jva4COsqUSya3tHMyv9oXTNwaZCibuIlfUghntry7D3ONH6xV9UyFs8NDXR6fanxkDDBuDvQrxDYncf3Zyi5A7OIC5qJp9MGrftOvyKxFZN/ryzC/asac7StP7SqK7d17XBgwr8jr98JfQ8sVOruSUa6Qkj root@git
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```
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`Github`添加`Git`服务器秘钥：
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`git`服务器上创建项目并上传到`github`：
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```bash
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# 创建本地仓库
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[root@git ~]# mkdir /opt/wxin_cloud
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[root@git ~]# cd /opt/wxin_cloud/
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# 初始化本地仓库
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[root@git wxin_cloud]# git init
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初始化空的 Git 版本库于 /opt/wxin_cloud/.git/
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# 创建文件
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[root@git wxin_cloud]# echo "hello wxin" > wxin
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# 将文件添加到本地暂存区
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[root@git wxin_cloud]# git add .
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# 将文件提交到本地版本仓库
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[root@git wxin_cloud]# git commit -m "hello"
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[master（根提交） 8eec16d] hello
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1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
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create mode 100644 wxin
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# 为本地仓库添加指定的远程仓库
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[root@git wxin_cloud]# git remote add origin git@github.com:wxin712/wxin_cloud.git
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# 查看节点
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[root@git wxin_cloud]# git branch
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* master
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# 将文件上传到Github的远程仓库
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[root@git wxin_cloud]# git push -u origin master
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Counting objects: 3, done.
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Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 209 bytes | 0 bytes/s, done.
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Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
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remote:
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remote: Create a pull request for 'master' on GitHub by visiting:
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remote: https://github.com/wxin712/wxin_cloud/pull/new/master
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remote:
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To git@github.com:wxin712/wxin_cloud.git
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* [new branch] master -> master
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分支 master 设置为跟踪来自 origin 的远程分支 master。
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```
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`github`查看：
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注意：这样上传到`github`的分支不能跟`main`分支合并
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### 5. 版本穿梭
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版本回退：
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```bash
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# 用 git log 命令查看：
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# 每一个提交的版本都唯一对应一个 commit 版本号，
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# 使用 git reset 命令退到上一个版本：
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[root@git wxin_cloud]# git log
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commit b0e63bbe3bf54ac7240c06c8fa31bd3f130702e9
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Author: wxin712 <1497427046@qq.com>
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Date: Tue Apr 22 17:57:37 2025 +0800
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modify
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commit 8eec16d9cad6dd8df503ab2d346dc5aeb48d6fcb
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Author: wxin712 <1497427046@qq.com>
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Date: Tue Apr 22 17:43:24 2025 +0800
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hello
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[root@git wxin_cloud]# git reset --hard 8eec16d9cad6dd8df503ab2d346dc5aeb48d6fcb
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HEAD 现在位于 8eec16d hello
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[root@git wxin_cloud]# git push -f -u origin master
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Total 0 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
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remote: To git@github.com:wxin712/wxin_cloud.git
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+ b0e63bb...8eec16d master -> master (forced update)
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分支 master 设置为跟踪来自 origin 的远程分支 master。
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```
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查看结果：
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```bash
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# 查看命令历史，以便确定要回到哪个版本
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[root@git wxin_cloud]# git reflog
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8eec16d HEAD@{0}: reset: moving to 8eec16d9cad6dd8df503ab2d346dc5aeb48d6fcb
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b0e63bb HEAD@{1}: reset: moving to b0e63bb
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8eec16d HEAD@{2}: reset: moving to 8eec16d9cad6dd8df503ab2d346dc5aeb48d6fcb
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b0e63bb HEAD@{3}: reset: moving to b0e63bb
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8eec16d HEAD@{4}: reset: moving to 8eec16d9cad6dd8df503ab2d346dc5aeb48d6fcb
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b0e63bb HEAD@{5}: commit: modify
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8eec16d HEAD@{6}: commit (initial): hello
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# 回退
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[root@git wxin_cloud]# git reset --hard b0e63bb
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HEAD 现在位于 b0e63bb modify
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[root@git wxin_cloud]# git push -f -u origin master
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Counting objects: 5, done.
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Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 240 bytes | 0 bytes/s, done.
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Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
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remote: To git@github.com:wxin712/wxin_cloud.git
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8eec16d..b0e63bb master -> master
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分支 master 设置为跟踪来自 origin 的远程分支 master。
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```
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查看结果：
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### 6. 分支管理
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创建分支：
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```bash
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# 创建dev分支，然后切换到dev
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[root@git wxin_cloud]# git checkout -b dev
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切换到一个新分支 'dev'
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# 查看当前分支
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[root@git wxin_cloud]# git branch
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* dev
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master
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# 创建分支
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[root@git wxin_cloud]# git branch test
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```
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分支切换：
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```bash
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[root@git wxin_cloud]# git checkout master
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切换到分支 'master'
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[root@git wxin_cloud]# git branch
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dev
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* master
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test
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```
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合并分支：
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```bash
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# 把dev分支的工作成果合并到master分支上
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|
[root@git wxin_cloud]# git merge dev
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|
更新 b0e63bb..4cc8b4f
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Fast-forward
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|
|
readme.txt | 1 +
|
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1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
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create mode 100644 readme.txt
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|
```
|
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|
删除分支：
|
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|
```bash
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|
|
# 删除dev分支了
|
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|
|
[root@git wxin_cloud]# git branch -d dev
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|
|
已删除分支 dev（曾为 4cc8b4f）。
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|
# 查看分支
|
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|
|
[root@git wxin_cloud]# git branch
|
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|
|
* master
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
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|
### 7. GitHub 分支管理
|
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|
|
注意：`github`默认的分支是`main`而不是`master`
|
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|
|
|
|
创建项目：
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
创建分支：
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
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|
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|
|
|
新分支创建文件：
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
合并分支：
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
`main`分支验证是否合并成功：
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 8. 使用 Github 上的项目
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
下载仓库到本地：
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```bash
|
|
|
|
|
|
[root@git ~]# cd /opt/
|
|
|
|
|
|
[root@git opt]# git clone git@github.com:wxin712/wxin_cloud_test.git
|
|
|
|
|
|
正克隆到 'wxin_cloud_test'...
|
|
|
|
|
|
remote: Enumerating objects: 7, done.
|
|
|
|
|
|
remote: Counting objects: 100% (7/7), done.
|
|
|
|
|
|
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (4/4), done.
|
|
|
|
|
|
remote: Total 7 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0 (from 0)
|
|
|
|
|
|
接收对象中: 100% (7/7), done.
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
进入工作目录，进行文件更新：
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```bash
|
|
|
|
|
|
[root@git opt]# ls
|
|
|
|
|
|
wxin_cloud wxin_cloud_test
|
|
|
|
|
|
[root@git opt]# cd wxin_cloud_test/
|
|
|
|
|
|
[root@git wxin_cloud_test]# ls
|
|
|
|
|
|
README.md wxin
|
|
|
|
|
|
[root@git wxin_cloud_test]# echo "github's cloud is update" > gitupdate
|
|
|
|
|
|
[root@git wxin_cloud_test]# git add .
|
|
|
|
|
|
[root@git wxin_cloud_test]# git commit -m "test update"
|
|
|
|
|
|
[main f67d4ae] test update
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
|
|
|
|
|
|
create mode 100644 gitupdate
|
|
|
|
|
|
[root@git wxin_cloud_test]# git push -u origin main
|
|
|
|
|
|
Counting objects: 4, done.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 324 bytes | 0 bytes/s, done.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
|
|
|
|
|
|
remote: To git@github.com:wxin712/wxin_cloud_test.git
|
|
|
|
|
|
085d909..f67d4ae main -> main
|
|
|
|
|
|
分支 main 设置为跟踪来自 origin 的远程分支 main。
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
`github`验证：
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
